The importance of the reward system in online civic participation
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Introduction: the present article provides an integrative review of the role of the Reward System in civic participation in digital environments, based on 73 sources published between 1990 and 2024. Within a multidisciplinary theoretical framework, a Theory of Change is formulated that articulates the sequence rewards → motivation → participation → representativeness → traceability. Methodology: the methodology combined a systematic literature search, the construction of an analytical matrix, and inductive coding of conceptual and empirical evidence. Results: the results show that symbolic, unexpected, and non-controlling rewards increase intrinsic motivation and active participation. When these incentives are implemented together with structured feedback and traceability mechanisms, they also contribute to improving the quality of citizens’ contributions. Discussion: the discussion draws practical implications for the design of participatory platforms: prioritise rewards that are consistent with autonomy, competence, and relatedness; accompany incentive strategies with digital-literacy programmes and inclusion measures; and establish standardized metrics (KPIs) and ethical assessments. Conclusions: the article offers an operational conceptual framework for researchers and public officials seeking to promote more inclusive and higher-quality participation.
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